The Violence Tournament – Part 2: The Four Levers of Conquest
·998 words·5 mins
Three major factors explain Europe's success in military innovation:
History and Critical Analysis
The Violence Tournament – Part 1: The Paradox of Backwardness
·924 words·5 mins
In 900 AD, western Europe was poorer, more violent, and more backward than China, India, or the Muslim Middle East. By 1914, Europeans controlled 84 percent of the world's land surface.
The Butcher King: Greed, Atrocity, and the Making of the Congo Free State
·3746 words·18 mins
An examination of Belgium's colonial venture in the Congo — its origins, its atrocities, and its enduring shadow over Central Africa today
The Portuguese Colonial Empire: A Systems Analysis
736 words
How a small kingdom built the first global empire – and why its ghost still haunts two continents.
