Sustainability and Future

Audits the EU Plastics Strategy, Extended Producer Responsibility regimes, and the UN Global Plastics Treaty INC process against the Plastic Cost Coverage Ratio, demonstrating the gap between policy ambition and industrial accountability.

Documents the discovery of microplastics in human blood (2020) and nanoplastics in human brain tissue (2023), and applies precautionary arithmetic to the incomplete and contested epidemiology of plastic particle health effects.

Maps the source geography of ocean plastic flows — which rivers, countries, and economic conditions deliver the most plastic to the sea — and traces the geopolitical structure of the Plastic Cost Coverage Ratio's geography.

Introduces the Plastic Cost Coverage Ratio and applies it to the Ellen MacArthur Foundation data showing that plastic producers capture less than 5 cents in liability for every dollar of environmental damage their products create.

The ocean generates more economic value annually than it extracts — but it earns its revenue in services that go unpriced while its losses are recorded in fish landings and mineral royalties. The Marine Extraction Ratio compares what we take from the ocean to what the ocean generates for us, and reveals why the accounting gap is the engine of overfishing, acidification, and the now-imminent expansion of deep-sea mining.

Examines deep-sea mining proposals against the Marine Extraction Ratio, documenting that the ISA has licensed exploratory access to seabed ecosystems whose service value dwarfs the mineral value being extracted — with no agreed authority to approve the transaction.

Quantifies the economic cost of ocean acidification by tracing a 30% acidity increase against the calcium carbonate-dependent ecosystem services it is progressively destroying — a cost that has never been formally entered into any national balance sheet.

Reconstructs the arithmetic of the 1992 Northwest Atlantic cod collapse — visible decades before the moratorium — and applies it to current fishery dynamics to assess where the Marine Extraction Ratio is approaching comparable thresholds.

Applies the Marine Extraction Ratio to Costanza's ocean ecosystem service valuation to establish the gap between what the ocean earns in unpriced services and what we extract from it annually.

More than half of global GDP depends on nature. The annual public and private investment in protecting that nature is measured in tens of billions. The ratio between what the economy extracts from biodiversity-supplied services and what it invests in their maintenance defines the Ecosystem Dependency Ratio — and the number reveals that the global economy runs a biodiversity subsidy at a leverage ratio that would make any corporate finance officer blanch.